Understanding the Handball rule - What is a deliberate offense and what is not

Diego Maradona’s “Hand of God” moment

One of the most famous goals in football history is Diego Maradona’s “Hand of God goal” in the 1986 World Cup Quarterfinal between Argentina and England in which the legendary forward intentionally struck the ball with his hand into the goal. The illegitimate goal was given to the Argentines, who went on to win the match and later the tournament.

More recently, in the 2010 World Cup Quarterfinal between Uruguay and Ghana, Luis Suarez handled the ball to prevent a last-minute match-winning goal for Ghana. Suarez was rightly sent off for the offence, but Ghana missed the resulting penalty and went on to be eliminated from the tournament after a penalty shootout. There was a huge uproar after the incident with a split opinion on whether Suarez’s actions were within the realms of sportsmanship or not.

Suarez’s blocking the ball with his hands to prevent Ghana from scoring the match-winning goal

The incidents mentioned above were two high profile cases of players handling the ball at the sport’s pinnacle event. But almost every football match – both in international tournaments and domestic leagues – involve at least one instance when the referee is required to make a decision on whether to penalize a player for a possible handball.

Very often, it’s a tricky call to determine whether the player’s hand hit the ball or the ball hit his hand. It is an unenviable position for the referee as irrespective of the decision given by him/her, one team will always have complaints against it.

Decoding the Rule

Let’s try to understand the handball rule in football. The FIFA rule book (Laws of the Game 2014/2015) defines it as:

“Handling the ball involves a deliberate act of a player making contact with the ball with his hand or arm. The referee must take the following into consideration:

• the movement of the hand towards the ball (not the ball towards the hand)

• the distance between the opponent and the ball (unexpected ball)

• the position of the hand does not necessarily mean that there is an infringement

• touching the ball with an object held in the hand (clothing, shinguard, etc.) counts as an infringement

• hitting the ball with a thrown object (boot, shinguard, etc.) counts as an infringement”

The rulebook states that a player should be penalized (mostly by a free-kick or penalty or a maximum of a yellow card) in the scenario where he/ she deliberately handles the ball to ensure that the play is favourable for his/her team – either to retain possession/ keep advantage or score a goal.

Hence, going by the rules, Maradona’s “Hand of God” act shouldn’t have been given as a goal and instead he should have been cautioned for attempting to use illegitimate means to score a goal.

However, if a player intentionally handles the ball in an attempt to prevent an obvious goalscoring opportunity, then the player has to be given an instant red card – as in the case of Suarez against Ghana. The harsher penalty isn’t for deliberate handling, but for an unfair intervention which prevented a goal from being scored.

Frank Lampard’s hand blocked the shot hit from close range by Tom Cleverley

But football’s rules don’t consider the contact of the ball with a player’s arm or hand as illegal. Many misinterpret the rule as any contact of the ball with the arm or hand is an offence. The keyword here is deliberate. Both Maradona and Suarez had handled the ball with full knowledge of what they were doing and hence the two should have been penalized (one famously wasn’t while the other rightly was).

During the match between Manchester United and Chelsea last season, Cleverley’s shot on goal hit Lampard’s hand, who was inside the penalty area and very close to the United midfielder. The referee ruled it as unintentional and unavoidable, and so didn’t penalise him for it. Although Manchester United felt they were denied a legitimate penalty, the ruling from Atkinson was thought to be correct.

Similarly, United States’ star player Landon Donovan found out otherwise in the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup final between USA and Panama when his appeal was a handball was rejected. Donovan’s cross hit the hand of a Panama defender who seemed to be taking evasive action in an attempt to avoid the ball touching his hands. The referee considered the contact to be unintentional and didn’t penalize the defender.

The referees have to take into account the proximity of the potential offender to the player who had the last contact with the ball and also the speed with which the ball was travelling, to determine whether the player had adequate time to avoid the ball’s contact with his hand.

Another factor to be considered is whether the player’s hands were in their natural position or not, as many defending players spread their arms in an attempt to increase the chances of blocking the ball. If the referee feels that the positioning of the player’s arms was not natural, then the player should be penalized.

Also, the referees need to be wary of players trying to manipulate the rules to get their way – attacking players may attempt to try to hit the hands of the defenders to get a free kick or penalty while an offending player may try to pretend that a deliberate handball was accidental.

Rules for Goalkeepers

The interpretation of the handball rule changes when the goalkeeper is the player in question

Goalkeepers have the freedom to handle the ball inside their own penalty area. Outside the penalty box, the rules on handling the ball are applicable to the keepers just like any outfield player.

There are some restrictions on the handling of the ball by the keeper even in the penalty area as mentioned in the FIFA rule book:

“A goalkeeper is not permitted to keep control of the ball in his hands for more than six seconds. A goalkeeper is considered to be in control of the ball:

• while the ball is between his hands or between his hand and any surface (e.g. ground, own body)

• while holding the ball in his outstretched open hand

• while in the act of bouncing it on the ground or tossing it into the air

A goalkeeper is not permitted to touch the ball with his hand inside his own penalty area in the following circumstances:

• if he handles the ball again after it has been released from his possession and has not touched any other player:

– the goalkeeper is considered to be in control of the ball by touching it with any part of his hands or arms except if the ball rebounds accidentally from him, e.g. after he has made a save

– possession of the ball includes the goalkeeper deliberately parrying the ball

• if he touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a team-mate

• if he touches the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate”

Conclusion

To summarize, there are some blatant cases of a player handling the ball deliberately, which have to be penalized without any doubt. But in most cases, referees must use their judgement to analyse if the contact was intentional or not.

A simplistic way to decide would be - did the hand hit the ball or did the ball hit the hand? This along with factors like the positioning of the defending player’s hands, the proximity to the ball when it was struck and the speed with which the ball was travelling that help the referee in taking a call.

The 50-50 scenarios, which can go either way, are a no-win situation for the referees as they are certain to get the wrath of the team for whom the decision was unfavourable. In these cases, the referees put their experience to use and also consult the linesmen before taking the decision which they deem correct.